Knowing your basic tenses is crucial. Firstly, when you speak (and particularly so in an exam) it's painfully obvious when, for example, a present simple is used in place of a present continuous, or when a past simple is used instead of a present perfect. Secondly, it's important to know the forms of each tense as they are repeatedly used in more advanced grammatical structures.
Present Simple
FORM:
FUNCTION (why?):
1. Habits and Routines
I go to the gym 5 times a week. I hardly ever eat vegetables. Sue smokes from time to time. They don't dance very often.
2. General Truths
A thermometer measures temperature. Water boils at 100 degrees and turns into steam.
3. State Verbs
I believe in Santa Claus. I always forget her name. She appears to be quite angry. It doesn't look like a tiger.
Present Continuous
FORM:
FUNCTION:
1. Actions in Progress Right Now
I am reading this wonderfully clear grammar explanation. "What are you doing down there?" "I dropped something. I'm looking for my keys."
2. Actions in Progress These Days
What are you watching on TV these days? I'm watching Stranger Things. I'm living with my friend until the leak is repaired.
3. Slow Gradual Changes
Did you know that sea levels are rising by 3mm each year? The government is investing $2 billion in education over the next 7 years.
4. Annoying habits with 'always'
My flatmate is always leaving the dishes unwashed for days in the sink.
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